The Town of Strasburg is located in north-central Shenandoah County at the northern end of the Shenandoah Valley. It is the largest of the six communities in Shenandoah County and is part of the Davis Magisterial District. The town lies on the North Fork of the Shenandoah River in a small basin formed by the river as it loops through the Valley with one of its major loops creating a peninsula just south of town known as Sandy Hook. Geographically the town is generally surrounded by natural barriers with the Shenandoah River and Three Top Mountain lying to the south and east, and historic Cedar Creek and Little North Mountain lying to the north and west.

The town's early growth and settlement was primarily due to its location at the crossroads of major routes of travel and this is still true today. U.S. Route 11 and State Route 55 intersect in the center of town and Interstate 81 is located approximately one and one-half (1 1/2) miles to the west and north of the downtown with two interchanges serving the town. Interstate 66 joins Interstate 81 about four miles north of town and provides direct access to the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan area. The town is located ten miles west of Front Royal, 81 miles west of Washington, D.C., 18 miles south of Winchester, and 15 miles east of the West Virginia State Line.